The Tibet issue
Andrea Parties
esserecomunisti on the 04/03/2009
The discussion that emerged from the National Political Committee of the Communist PRC last September opened the glimmer of hope for a new reading of foreign policy. A reading is not residual and shunning the subordination of those expressed on the major Western media. Among the many events that deserve to be explored and may give a qualitative assessment of the state of health - from one side of the left towards the relationship with reality, the other on the need by our party to produce analysis and interpretations of the same - there is certainly the issue of Tibet, back in vogue with the pace of the Beijing Olympics.
History The history of Tibet has uncertain origins, perhaps dating back to the nomadic warrior tribes Qiang, attested in the area in the second century BC. What is clear is the fact that what may be called "Tibetan people" is actually the conjunction of different people coming from the west (Central Asia), South-west (Indus Valley), Southeast (territories Burmese Forest), East (Yangzi Valley) and North (Valley of the Yellow River). This diversity is visible today: from valley to valley, the architecture of the houses, clothes and language are sometimes different. Before the arrival of Buddhism in Tibet (VI century AD), the plateau was crossed by diverse cultures and beliefs of animistic kind. The most important of the religious denominations represented in this period seems to come from Central Asia: The Bon. Up to the seventh century AD is not the presence of a compact people politically. During this period, many parts of the region were united by King Gampo Songstan order to attack his powerful near China Tang. The conflict ended with an alliance: the Chinese drove the Tibetans and the Tang emperor gave his daughter in marriage to Gampo. This alliance allowed him to Buddhism (Chinese school of JingTu) to enter the royal court, where he remained confined to a few centuries. In the ninth century, the dynasty that led the United flake and rushed the country into instability politics. During this period, the eleventh century, North India was attacked by waves of Muslim in that area were the most important schools of Tantrism (or Vajarayana formed in India to the sixth century). Under the onslaught, fled nell'Hymalaya tantric masters in Tibet without faith or law. In this phase, the Tantric Buddhism experienced a real explosion, the community grew rapidly in number and were divided in turn into several sub-entity, whose last born (in the fourteenth century) are the most well known: Yellow Berets. The Tibetan people, so far submitted to the Lords and the rivalry between the great noble families, were converted en masse to Buddhism and began to serve the community Tantric: the structure of ecclesiastical doctrine that brought them security and stability. In this way allowed him to establish Buddhism in Tibet, a feudal society. Power was divided between the nobility and the Tibetan Buddhist community, with more than 90% of the population placed under the easement. The arrival of the Mongols in the thirteenth century, Tibet became an annex of their empire in China. The emperor Kublai Kanha came into contact with the Abbot of Sakya (Tibet southern sect of Red Berets), who was appointed Grand Lama (an authority that should preside over all the other Lama, a sort of pope) who was entrusted with the power of temporal sovereignty over Tibet. In 1578 the Mongol emperor of China, Altan Khan sent an army into Tibet to support the Grand Lama Sonam Gyatso, an ambitious twenty-five who was given the title of Dalai (Ocean) Lama, ruler of all Tibet. The first Dalai Lama was so invested in the history of his office by a Chinese army. To elevate his authority beyond worldly challenge, storm, Sonam Gyatso seized monasteries that did not belong to his sect, and is believed to have destroyed Buddhist writings contrary to his claim to divinity. Because of infighting the Mongolian army return several times to intervene in Tibet, restoring to power every time the Dalai Lama and his subsequent "reincarnation." Over the years, the feud shared the decline of Mongol power, his protector, and found himself at the mercy of the neighboring Empire of the Manchus who conquered China in 1721. In 1751 he became one of the 18 provinces of the "Celestial Empire" in the form of self-reliance. In 1904 Britain sent a contingent of Indian forces, commanded by Sir Francis Younghusband, to resolve a border dispute with the English colonies which in fact led military occupation of Tibet, a territory which had also aroused the interest of the Tsar Russia. Once occupied the region, the British sought to establish relations with the aristocracy and monastic slave who previously controlled it. In 1910 the Manchus tried to re-establish territorial control over Tibet. After the outbreak of revolution in China in 1911, the Dalai Lama fled to India by the British. The British once again intervened and occupied Lhasa in 1912. On his return, the thirteenth Dalai Lama promised to modernize Tibet in respect of the religious tradition, but that was essentially feudal society of the time. The British tried, in view of the weakening of groped to grant international status to the Tibetan authorities, asking them in 1913 at a conference in Simla, where, despite the protests of the delegation Chinese, it did give the territories that are still disputed with India. No government of China never accepted the outcome of that conference, the country maintained its territorial integrity, which was later confirmed by the United Nations. The Lamas continued to rule the region with the legitimacy of the reactionary regime of the Kuomintang, whose political authority was recognized also to ratify the choice of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. When the young Dalai Lama was apprised of his office in Lhasa, this was with an armed escort of troops of Chiang Kaishek and a Chinese minister in charge, in accordance with centuries of tradition. To confirm this interpretation of the facts that I have seen reported elsewhere in a distorted way with a clear ideological purpose (ed.), considering that during the Second World War the Allied troops in Chiang Kaishek regularly asked permission to fly over Tibet. The spatial isolation of the center and the difficulties that China went through during the two world wars meant that the Tibetan region had a reduced involvement in national affairs. In 1950, with the end of the civil war and the proclamation of the Republic of China in 1949, the troops of Mao Tse Tung completed in Tibet control over national territory. In 1951 an agreement was reached with the Dalai Lama for the granting of an autonomous regime. This agreement gave China military control and the right Exclusive to conduct foreign relations, also was released to the Chinese a direct role in internal administration "to promote social reforms." Among the first reforms undertaken, there was also one that reduces interest rates, up to that point is not very dissimilar to real wear and tear, and was launched for the first time in the history of the Tibetan region, the construction of hospitals and roads according to canons modern. Mao and his cadres did not intend to simply occupy the region, also wanted the cooperation of the Dalai Lama to transform Tibet's feudal economy in accordance with socialist objectives. In the important essay Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth of the American journalist Michael Parenti shows that: "Even Melvyn Goldstein, who is in solidarity with the Dalai Lama and the cause of Tibetan independence, he admitted that? Contrary to popular opinion in the West? The Chinese? pursued a moderate policy. Were careful to show respect for Tibetan culture and religion? and? allowed the old feudal and monastic systems to continue unchanged. Between 1951 and 1959, not only was not confiscated any aristocratic or monastic property, but was allowed feudal lords continued to exercise judicial authority in respect of hereditarily bound peasants to them?. In the 1956-57 armed Tibetan bands ambushed a convoy of the Army of Liberation of the Chinese people. The uprising received address and material support from the CIA, on the initiative of the U.S. government allowed to provide weapons to the insurgents, supplies and military training for combat units. In 1958, over 30 Tibetans, in absolute secrecy, they began their training in the U.S. base at Camp Dale in Colorado. At today's date in that field, are being trained 300. In July 1959 the CIA began the practice aerial refueling of weapons, ammunition and trained soldiers who arrived in Tibet with the C-130. It thus appears that from 1957 to 1960 have been transferred to the region over 400 tons of cargo. In one of the different operations carried out by guerrilla commander was killed the western district of Tibet. So it was that the American secret services took possession of important information about the internal situation of China, the consistency military nuclear program, relations between Moscow and Beijing. For the past few years, it is known that it was the CIA to establish bases for military support in Nepal, making numerous airlifts to conduct guerrilla operations inside Tibet. During the revolt of the "American Society for an Asia Free" spread so deployed the cause of independence. Thubtan Norbu, elder brother of the Dalai Lama, played a leading role within this group. Many of the commandos and agents who were parachuted CIA in Tibet were chiefs of aristocratic clans. According to a report by U.S. intelligence services themselves, 90% of these troops was not known by anyone in the country. Given the clear morphological nature of the area, the small garrison of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was never able to catch them, as he did then, without direct support by the Tibetan people themselves. This shows that on an actual reaction to the Communist government has had a very low base in the region.
the early 60s the U.S. intelligence spending amounted to $ 1.7 million a year, of which 500,000 for the maintenance of 2100 rebel bases in Nepal and 180,000 earmarked for "personal needs" of the Dalai Lama fled to India in the meantime. The flight of the Dalai Lama had a price: the granting of a scholarship to 400 Indian engineers to be trained so that nuclear technology in the United States. The exchange was approved and, ironically, the first Indian nuclear bomb was christened with the nickname of "Smiling Buddha". When the improved relations between Beijing and Washington, the subversive activities had been temporarily suspended. The Tibetan population this adventure cost more than 87,000 U.S. deaths. After 1959, the Chinese authorities eliminated the system of slavery, servitude of serfdom and the use of self-employed workforce. He was eliminated the tax system, created a new work plan, were largely reduced unemployment and poverty. They were built only hospitals in the country and a new educational system, which would break the monopoly that the monasteries had in both areas. Irrigation systems were built for water and electricity was brought to Lhasa. It was also abolished the system of public floggings, mutilations and amputations carried out as punishment by the religious authority. Since 1961, hundreds of acres previously owned by lords and Lama were distributed to tenants and landless peasants. In areas devoted to sheep, the flocks were entrusted to the municipalities and the poor shepherds. Improvements and investments were produced in livestock and new crops of vegetables, wheat and barley were introduced for the first time. With the planning of a new irrigation system was possible a significant increase in farm production. A portion of the population was still left to freedom of religion and give alms to the clergy, yet people were no longer forced to pay tribute or gifts under duress to the monasteries and lords. I forced many monks in religious orders as children were left free to choose whether or not to give up the monastic life, and so thousands of people returned to civilian life. The remaining clergy lived on relying on government minimum wages and additional income earned by officiating at the wedding and funeral services. Bear in mind that it in consolidating authority over Tibet, the Chinese authorities themselves admit mistakes, especially during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), a stage when religious persecution reached a high peak in the country. In the late '70s, China had achieved full pacification of the situation, trying also to correct some mistakes made during the previous two decades. In 1980 the government began a series of reforms designed to grant Tibet a degree of autonomy is increasingly possible. The inhabitants was allowed to cultivate their own plots of land, sell the surplus of the crop, choose the crops best suited to themselves and their livestock. Were re-established communications with the outside world and border controls were eased to allow Tibetans to visit relatives in India and Nepal. Since the mid-'90s, the region's GDP has increased by 13% annually, or more than the exceptional rates of development of the whole country. The building works have doubled and trade, which until a decade ago took place almost exclusively with neighboring Nepal, grew by 18 times compared to 1995. With the same rhythms have developed the health system and school (Both non-existent in the past). In 2001 the Beijing government has earmarked 65 billion yuan to finance infrastructure projects that allow Tibetans to leave the Middle Ages and the Buddhist-Lamaist land to the contemporary world, taking advantage of the economic and social progress of China. Until a few months ago, the only communication route between Tibet and the rest of China was a rough road that starts from Golmund allow trucks to enter Lhasa in 50-60 hours away. Today the same path is accomplished in 16 hours on the modern "sky train" that runs along the tracks of the highest railway in the world: 1200 km at an altitude of over 5000 meters.
The feudal and reactionary character Tibet Lamaist
An article in March 1959 in The Unit describes the reactionary nature of Tibetan society before the arrival of the troops of Mao: "Even today, after the agreement of 1951, this country (Tibet), which extends approximately one million square kilometers on the highest plateau in the world is ruled by Buddhist monks self-critically. It 'a feudal society, strictly organized in a pyramid, at the top of which the Dalai Lama and the basis of which the serfs. All power emanates from the three great monasteries of monks Drebung, Sera and Granden, and one of them who are chosen to be members of Casiag the government accountable to the Dalai Lama, who officials of the Lama. " The Drepung Monastery was one of the largest estates in the world, was in possession of 185 estates, 25,000 serfs, 300 great pastures and 16000 guardians of the flock. The wealth of the monasteries went to the Lama of higher rank, many of them young scions of aristocratic families, the clergy was low instead of peasant extraction. This class inequality within the Tibetan society is closely comparable to that of the Christian clergy of medieval Europe. Within such a framework, it is clear that the military authorities would hold a large amount of power, consider, for example, that the army chief had 4000 square kilometers of land and 3,500 serfs. The Tibetan boys were regularly taken from their families and taken to the monasteries to undertake the role of monks for life. Tasha-Tsering, a Monaco, reported that it was common practice for peasant children to be sexually abused within the religious structures. He himself was the victim of repeated sexual violence during childhood, not long after it was introduced in the monastery at age nine.
In 1953, the majority of the rural population, about 700,000 to 1,250,000 inhabitants in total, was composed of serfs. Bound to a small appreciation, they were intended only a narrow land parcel needed for their livelihood. The serfs and the rest of the peasants had to do without education and healthcare. They spent most of their time working for the monasteries, for each blade and the secular aristocracy, composed of about 200 families. You can say that they were direct ownership of the Lords ruled that such products grow and what animals to breed. They could not marry without the consent of their master as he could, at will, the servants away from the family, sell them or torture them to death. Landowners had legal authority to capture and use of coercive methods, to violence, for those who tried to escape, forcing them to go back. According to the testimony of a woman twenty-two fugitive, all the prettiest girls of the servants were usually taken by the owner and treated as domestic as you wish; were slaves without any rights. Every aspect of daily life was governed by strict tax forms: marriage, birth of a child, death of a relative. Was subject to taxation who planted a new tree in the yard, who had pets, who had pots of flowers or put a bell on livestock. There were taxes for religious festivals: to dance, to roll the drum and the bell had a price. Excess fees were intended for the detention and release. Who moved from place to place was to pay a fee transit. Even the beggars and the unemployed were not exempt from having to pay a contribution. When people were not able to pay, the monasteries lent money with interest between 20% and 50%, if the obligation had not expired, the debtor was forced into a period of slavery by the monastery. It is quite evident that, in feudal Tibet, debt slavery and therefore had hereditary nature. The doctrines of the theocracy were functional and educational leaders in supporting the practice of social class. It was taught to the poor and the afflicted that their troubles are because of foolish and immoral behavior that had perpetrated in the course of their previous lives. They must then accept the misery of their present existence as an atonement, to improve their future reincarnation. The rich considered on the other hand, their fortune as a reward for a diligent and to conduct their virtue in life. The caste structure is manifested even after death: the body of the aristocracy were buried or cremated, the bodies of the mass data were fed to vultures. The Herald Tribune has described in detail how, during the funerals of commoners, was the priest to remove the flesh of the corpse, piece by piece to facilitate the work of vultures. The description was detailed and followed by a scholar who explained everything in the key label. The same scholar has looked good, however, from saying because at such a contribution had to contribute only the plebs. In Tibet the Dalai Lama, torture and mutilation, including the removal of the eye and tongue, the Hamstring and the amputation of the arms and legs, were the main punishment for thieves, runaway slaves and other forms of dissent to power. Since imposing the death is contrary to Buddhist doctrine, the victims were severely lashed and then "left to God", ie forced to die in the cold night on the plateau. Some monasteries held private prisons. With the liberation of the region by the Chinese government, gruesome details emerged. The secret of convents were handcuffs of all sizes (including small size for children), instruments for cutting off noses and ears, others to break his hands. To tear his eyes was available a special stone cap with two holes, which was pressed on the head to make sure that your eyes might swell and warp, escaping from their sockets, all this for quick and easy removal. Devices were present to cut the kneecaps and heels, to cripple, burning embers, whips, and special tools to disembowel. It should also be added that the liberation of Tibet by Communist now, the life expectancy of people in the region rose from 35 to 69 years. A success not just considering under the theocracy that the only drugs available were made from urine and saliva of the monks. Following the example of their fellow Tibetans, who are bound by centuries, the Nepalese peasants rioted in 1996 to free themselves from feudal relationships that had been administered, the region north of them. What is generally forgotten today is that in the '30s, the Nazis, and among them the SS Heinrich Himmler believed Reichfuhrer of Tibet as a holy place of the survivors of the lost Atlantis and the original site of the "pure Nordic race." At age 11, has been designated the Dalai Lama received the friendship of Heinrich Harrer, a member of the Nazi party and SS officer. Beyond the stereotype presented in the Hollywood movie starring Brad Pitt, Harrer was a member at the top of the SS when he became a teacher in charge of giving lessons to the young religious authority "on the world outside Tibet." The two remained friends until death of the Austrian, in 2006. Although it is always presented as a defender of human rights, for which she won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 - thought the success of honor by supporting the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia - the Dalai Lama has continued to attend and had as advisory members of the former Tibetan aristocracy, an aristocracy which considers the Dalai Lama as the only eternal (Because of its reincarnations of course) and unquestioned religious authority and temporal aristocracy strongly advocating a return to pre-revolutionary Tibet. If the unqualified support to the CIA hired and that I mentioned in the paragraph above does not work, the attendance by the reactionary circles of the "great ocean" has had other peaks of "internationalism." In 1999, along with Margaret Thatcher, Pope John Paul II and George Bush senior, the Dalai Lama has appealed to the British government to free the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet's fascist, urging that it was sent to Chile rather than in Spain, where the awaiting trial for crimes against humanity. Today, mainly through the "Fund for the Development of Democracy" branches of the CIA and other channels, Congress continues to allocate $ 2 million annually to the Tibetans in India, with additional millions more for "democracy activities" within the Tibetan community in exile. The Dalai Lama also gets support from financier George Soros, funded Radio Free Europe-Radio Liberty owned by the CIA, and had close relations with the head of the National Socialist Party of Chile, Miguel Serrano, a proponent esoteric Hitlerism.
Lughi common
If the newspaper Le Monde estimated that China is the country with the highest rate in the world of clichés, the region of Tibet is certainly one of the largest producers in the country. It is through the construction of a strategy of misinformation over the years, the reactionaries and monastic environments, sponsored by U.S. money, they tried to justify their acts of destabilization against a domestic sovereign state, China. The most obvious concerns the alleged falsification of Tibetan independence. In reality no country, nor the UN, recognizing a status of independence for Tibet. In addition to this, 250 years now, every Chinese government: either the imperial, and that of the Kuomintang, the Communists have always considered that the area as an integral part of Chinese territory. In 1949 the U.S. State Department published a book on US-China relations to which are attached a map that included both Tibet and Taiwan as integral parts of the Asian country. With the advent of the Communists to power, even the maps changed every trick and proved to be permitted to undermine China's national sovereignty. It is therefore quite clear that what is celebrated by Hollywood as a military occupation, is nothing but the natural territorial consolidation of a victorious army after a bloody civil war. The Dalai Lama is supported unanimously by the Tibetan people? Giving us an answer, talking about the events of '56 is the text and anti anticinese ever written, The Black Book of Communism, in which the authors have taken on the Tibetan populace guilty of "having connected immediately with the Communist regime" and that even within broad sectors Buddhists, the Dalai Lama's strategy was not shared to the extent that some monks offered support to the Communists. To this figure must be added to a statistically account that denies the axiom that the Dalai Lama appears to be a sort of pope of Buddhism worldwide. 6% of the world's population is Buddhist, this six percent of the Dalai Lama is not representative of Japanese Zen Buddhism, any of that in Southeast Asia, let alone the Chinese. Summing up, the Tibetan Buddhism is only 1 / 60 of 6% of the world, this village there are four schools, only one of these, that of the yellow cap (Gelugpa), refers to the Dalai Lama. In addition to not having been shared by some Tibetan religious sectors, its cause has never been unanimity even among the Buddhists abroad. Not many know that in 1992 this figure was the object of hostile demonstrations by the largest Buddhist organization in Britain that accuses him of being a "ruthless dictator" and an "oppressor of religious cause." As for the complaint the Dalai Lama about an alleged genocide by China emerge as data falsification obvious concern. Patrick French, while he was director of the Free Tibet Campaign (Campaign for Tibet's independence) in England was the first to read the archives of the Tibetan government in exile. The conclusions drawn by him led him to note the apparent falsification of data. Conclusions that led the French to surrender immediately resign for campaigning for independence for Tibet. In testimony gathered by Gyalo Thondrup, brother of the Dalai Lama and CIA agent, French found that the numbers of deaths were adjusted later. While the figure of 1.2 million Tibetans killed by the authorities Chinese, made around the world, French noted that - for example - the data of the same armed conflict were recorded five times. The journalist also said that all the figures in his possession were only for the male population of the region. He believed it impossible that there were 1.5 million Tibetans at the time because males would not have been such a given higher today, during which - both for the monks in exile, which for the Chinese government - the people of the region appear to be 6 million people, or about twice that of 1954. The data of some international observers (World Bank and World Health Organization) confirm these figures; Despite the apparent incongruity mathematics till today the Dalai Lama continues to claim that 1.2 million Tibetans have died as a result of the Chinese. An important part
geopolitical
E 'must now start reflecting on the reasons that are intertwined with the campaign to destabilize China. For China, the Tibetan region has a high strategic value, not only for the proven military capability that can offer its altitude in the area of \u200b\u200bballistic warfare, it only for the geographical location close to India, the newest ally anticinese Washington, but also for the huge resources both natural and this has. Tibet contains some of the most rich and extensive deposits of uranium, lithium and borax in the world, is the first Asian in respect of deposits of copper and has more than 80,000 gold mines. Tibetan forests also constitute the largest reserve of timber in China. In Quidam Basin, near the border with the autonomous region of Xinjiang, there is a large oil and mining region known as the "treasure basin." This area contains 57 different types of mineral resources with proven reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, crude salt, potassium, magnesium, lead, gold and Sinz. These mining sites have a potential economic value of 15 million yuan (1.8 billion dollars). Add to this that the position "on the roof of the world" makes the area of \u200b\u200bTibet's most important water reservoir of the planet. Sources from Tibet are born of the seven major rivers of Asia, which satisfy the water needs of 2 billion people. Who controls the water of this region holds the most important geopolitical deterrent in Asia. It is clear at this point that the area is a crucial piece to enhance the destabilization of the competitor from the U.S. administration. Other elements of this strategy are: the attempt to turn a revolution "saffron" in Myanmar, the deployment of NATO troops under U.S. command in Darfur (where the Chinese oil companies are developing potentially huge oil resources), the contrast economic relations that China is developing the rest of Africa, the attempt to transform India into the most important forward base in Asia, creating tensions in Uzbekistan and Kyrgigystan to bring down the important energy corridors to Kazakhstan.
Source: Tuscany Being Communists, March 4, 2009
http://www.esserecomunisti.toscana.it/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/la-questione-tibetana.pdf
